The circuit has the boost transistors in emitter-follower config, so the voltage to the led & resistor is the voltage at the base (equal to the 4017 output voltage, which will be a bit below the supply voltage) less about 0.6V.
The base current is automatically set to load current/transistor gain, so providing you don't short out the load, you don't need base resistors; a base resistor will in fact drop some volts (base current x resistance) and reduce the output voltage even more.
See
here for more detail.
To keep construction simpler, I think I'd connect the transistors in a switch configuration, using a few ULN2803, a cheap and common octal darlington chip with built-in base resistors. I 18-pin chip will drive 8 leds, neater than 8 transistors & 8 resistors.